In the Sardinian tradition, bread was not only the food par excellence Chie at pane/mai non morit ('Who has bread/never dies'), but it was a cultural symbol capable of giving order to time. There were real “calendar rolls”: as, for example, in the Campidanese area on pane 'e sa gida (the bread of the week), consisting of seven dolls inserted sequentially in a thread to represent the seven days elapsing between one bread and another. Then there was Sa Pipia 'e Carèsima: a bread shaped like a doll with seven legs, as many as the weeks of Lent. Every week, a leg was removed, to measure the time
left until Easter.But, beyond these calendar breads, society entrusted women with the task of giving order to time through bread, distinguishing the festive season from the ordinary one, through the beauty of the ceremonial breads. The latter, frorius or pintaus, i.e. decorated, constituted, as pointed out by the anthropologist A.M. Cirese, in terms of the number and complexity of their variants, examples of “ephemeral plastic art”. This last expression defines, given the complexity and quality of the forms obtained, a form of art, plastically modeled, made of perishable material (bread dough) and for this reason ephemeral
.The festive emergencies punctuated by ceremonial breads accompanied the highlights of the cycle of life and the cycle of the year.
In most cases, the breads that marked the happy moments of the cycle of life were very rich - to the point of bordering on horror vacui - of floral and plant motifs, which, through a form of 'sympathetic magic' (by virtue of which the like attracts the like), constituted a wish for abundance and prosperity.
Sometimes the aesthetic and symbolic function was so overwhelming as to undermine the nutritional one. Some breads, therefore, were not intended for food use, but only for visual use. This is the case of su crispesu, wedding bread made in Orroli, a town in Sarcidano, which was exhibited
as an ornament.A similar discourse concerns the breads of the year's cycle. The votive breads destined for Saint Mark the Evangelist made for her, Bortigali, Macomer and Silanus, for example, are a riot of phytomorphic elements and doves; a real propitiation of nature's lush luxuriance.
In the case of numerous ceremonial breads, the presence of the sweetening element marks a liminality between the field of bread and that of dessert. The most archaic types of sweeteners are
sapa and honey.Su pani 'e sapa a s'Antiga a Quartu Sant'Elena is a simple bread to which sapa is added to the dough. In the froria version, bread includes a series of contributions aimed at implementing the aesthetic value of the food, for example the polishing of the surface with a cotton pad soaked in sapa, and/or the application of indoru (gold leaf for food use) and tragera, or the decorative use of dried fruit, such as whole almonds in savory Atzara
bread.Sos cocones chin mele are ritual breads made on the occasion of the feast of Saint Anthony the Abbot. So as to be 'worthy' to mention the saint's day, the bread in question is not only shaped into complex shapes, but further 'enhanced' with the addition of honey and saffron, which determines its
typical yellow color.Sometimes ceremonial bread plastically evoked aspects of reality, such as on Cabuànnu, a bread that in Noragugume was given by the rich owners to their workers, shepherds and farmers, on the occasion of the New Year. On a round base, figures and settings typical of the pastoral and peasant worlds were placed in three-dimensional shapes and settings, respectively
.Strongly symbolic were the loaves of the Lenten season. Think of those reproducing the instruments of the Passion of Christ: the crown of thorns, the cross, the nails, the ladder, etc. Another bread characteristic of this same juncture of the year's cycle was on Lazzaru, an anthropomorphic bread reproducing the evangelical character of Lazarus. Depicted as dead, wrapped in bandages, sometimes attacked by decomposition worms, it is the sign of death, a necessary step for the end of the Easter Resurrection
.The characteristic bread of the Easter season is the one that includes the egg, cooked whole together with the bread, a symbol of life and regeneration. This type of bread is called cocoi cun s'ou (and sim.) or anguli (and sim.); the latter term of Byzantine origin, as demonstrated
by linguistic studies.La panificazione settimanale prevedeva la confezione di pani conditi con ingredienti freschi di stagione, quali i prodotti dell’orto: zucchine, patate, cipolle, pomodoro, ecc. Caratteristico dell’Ogliastra è il pane di farina di grano arricchito con patate bollite (modhitzosu de patata, cocoi prena, ecc.). Non di rado l’impiego delle patate era un espediente finalizzato all’ottenimento di un impasto più omogeneo e compatto. Un altro tipo di pane condito era quello inclusivo nell’impasto i ciccioli di lardo (pani/e cun gerda/gherda), confezionato specie in occasione della macellazione del maiale nel tardo autunno o all’inizio dell’inverno. Altri possibili condimenti erano: la ricotta, il formaggio, l’olio. Dopo la raccolta delle olive, potevano essere integrati nell’impasto pezzettini di oliva. Ulteriori ingredienti, quali mandorle, uva passa, sapa, miele, zafferano ecc., trattati in varie maniere, occorrevano spesso nei pani cerimoniali e votivi. Nella maggior parte dei casi, proprio in quanto votivi (destinati alle feste dei santi), i pani dolcificati con miele e sapa erano molto decorati e, in questa sede, sono stati descritti nella sezione destinata ai pani cerimoniali, benché, specie quelli conditi a base di sapa (mosto non fermentato, sottoposto a cottura con aromi), fossero frequenti subito dopo la vendemmia, allorché la sapa era disponibile quale dolcificante per il pane e ulteriori dolci, specialmente autunnali. Durante la panificazione settimanale, se in casa erano presenti bambini, si procedeva alla confezione di pani loro appositamente destinati. Se i bimbi si trovavano nella fase della dentizione, per lenire i fastidi gengivali che questa condizione comportava, venivano realizzati pani dentarolo di piccole dimensioni, fatti di pasta non lievitata. Per i bambini più grandi, invece, venivano realizzati veri e propri giocattoli commestibili. Per i maschietti venivano prescelte le fogge zoomorfe, per le femminucce bamboline, borsette, collane, ecc. In occasione della Pasqua l’integrazione dell’uovo intero, cotto assieme al pane, faceva di questi pani giocattolo pani cerimoniali, atti a scandire una specifica festività del ciclo calendariale con valenze simboliche legate alla presenza dell’uovo (simbolo di rinascita associato alla Resurrezione di Gesù e al rifiorire della natura in primavera).
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