History

Sardinia has a complex history, divided into various periods and characterized by original characters. Prehistory is characterized by the Prenuragic, a rather large chronological period divided in turn into four further phases, and by the Nuragic, a denomination that derives from the most representative monument of this civilization.

The historical phase begins in the 9th century BC, when Sardinia was affected by Phoenician colonization, and then passed under the control of the Punics, in the second half of the 6th century BC.

Around the 6th century BC, Rome began to exercise its commercial traffic on the island, until 277 when, with the establishment of a new province including Corsica, Sardinia and the surrounding islands, it formally imposed its effective control, which lasted, until the Vandalic period from 460-467 after Christ. In the following 534, the island was reconquered by Justinian to officially become part of the Roman Empire based in Constantinople. This is how the long Byzantine era began, during which the island maintained an uninterrupted political and administrative dependence on Constantinople. Precisely because of its geographical distance from Constantinople, Sardinia was entrusted to the management of two authorities: the praeses (with civil functions) and the dux (with military functions). These two figures, from about 800, merged into a single authority called iudex (judge or king). This is how the four Giudicati, or Kingdoms, were born, into which Sardinia was divided starting from the middle of the eleventh century: Cagliari, Arborea, Torres and Gallura.

In 1323, the Infante Alfonso of Aragon landed in Sardinia to materialize the act of infeudation of the Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae wanted by Pope Boniface VIII granted to the Aragonese sovereign. From this moment on, the Iberian Peninsula, in particular Catalonia, will constitute the main point of reference for the island from a political point of view.

Between 1714 and 1718, the island came under Austrian control for a short period. Then finally under that of the Savoy sanctioned by the Treaty of London of August 2, 1718. However, Sardinia maintained its existing institutions until 1847 when, with the so-called “perfect fusion”, political and administrative union with the mainland states materialized.

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Neolitico

Il termine Neolitico, composto dalle parole greche neos (nuovo) e lithos (pietra), designa l'Età della Pietra Nuova. Con questa espressione ci si riferisce al periodo della storia dell'uomo (per la Sardegna tra il 6.000 e il 2.800 avanti Cristo) contraddistinto da due importanti innovazioni: l’evoluzione del sistema economico e la scoperta della ceramica che determinarono profondi mutamenti anche sul piano sociale. Il passaggio da un sistema di sostentamento basato sulla caccia, sulla pesca e sulla raccolta di frutti spontanei a un’economia più evoluta imperniata sulla produzione di risorse alimentari tramite l'allevamento di animali e l'agricoltura. La scoperta della possibilità di utilizzare la ceramica, cioè l'argilla sottoposta a cottura, per la produzione di vasellame sfruttabile nelle attività agricolo-pastorali e di raccolta e conservazione delle risorse alimentari. Due innovazioni che portarono allo sviluppo di una maggiore complessità e articolazione delle strutture sociali, in cui gradualmente si afferma il sistema di ripartizione del lavoro per gruppi e una progressiva tendenza alla gerarchizzazione. Il Neolitico segue la tradizionale ripartizione in sottofasi: il Neolitico antico (6000-4000 avanti Cristo); il Neolitico medio (4000-3400 avanti Cristo); il Neolitico recente (3400-3200 avanti Cristo); il Neolitico finale (3200-2800 avanti Cristo ).

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